Pennseythun Gernewek 2017

Back in April I attended the Pennseythun Gernewek, the annual Cornish language weekend run by Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek where Cornish speakers from around Cornwall, and beyond gather to speak the language, and participate in lessons and activities. There is something for every level of previous knowledge of the language, from Dallethoryon Lan (complete beginners) to Bagas Freth (the fluent speakers group). I definitely recommend it.
A couple of things that Bagas Freth did this year was a talk by Ken George on translating song lyrics into Cornish, and a workshop on composing a part of the lost part of Bewnans Ke (events taking place during the missing part of the manuscript before the portion that was preserved).

Bewnans Ke an Blydhynnyow Kellys

We divided into groups and composed several stanzas covering Ke in his time in Brittany before his coming to Cornwall. I partly composed this:

7 My a'th pys Duw pyth yw res     A
4 dhymm gul ragos     B
7 A wre'ta ow dannvonn mes A
4 A'n benneglos B
4 Ny wrav govynn      C
7 bywnans fethus yn palas    D
7 Argheskop gans boes a vlas     D
7 gwell yw genev rewlys tynn     C

7 Vyajya a wre'ta'n skon A
4 Bys Rosewa B
7 War an mor y glywydh son A
4 Klogh y'n le na B
4 Vydh ow seni C
7 Grasek ov bos yn ayr fresk  D
7 Y'n le skrifa orth ow desk D
7 Dhe Gernow mos a wren ni C

The numbers at the left are the number of syllables, and the letters at the right mark the rhymes.
There are two formats used in Bewnans Ke that we followed in composing these stanzas. This had a structure of 7, 4, 7, 4, 4, 7, 7,7 syllables per line. The other possible structure was 7,7,7,7,4,7,7,7. With either of these structures either one person was speaking for all 8 lines, or person 1 for 5 lines and person 2 for 3. In the first of the stanzas above, it is all Ke speaking, and the second has 5 lines of God in reply and 3 with Ke again.
A broad translation is as follows:

I pray God what must I do for thee. Will you send me away from the cathedral?
I do not ask for a luxurious life in an archbishops palace with fine food. I prefer a strict rule.
You will voyage soon, to Rosewa (placename, meaning the Roseland?) On the sea you will hear a sound of a bell ringing there.
I am grateful to be in fresh air rather than writing at my desk. To Cornwall we will go.

Output of taklow-kernewek syllable segmentation tool.

Output of taklow-kernewek syllable segmentation tool. I changed to forward segmentation due to an issue with the word 'vyajya' see below.

Detailed output for 'Vyajya' - forward segmentation. The regular expression starts at the beginning of the word and works forwards.

Detailed output for 'Vyajya' - forward segmentation. The regular expression starts at the end of the word and works backwards. Here we see the '-ya' at the end is matched first, then 'yaj' is matched with a semi-vocalic y which leaves the 'V' unmatched

The issue with the word vyajya shows that perhaps more work is needed on the syllable segmentation program, perhaps to warn the user if not all of the input is consumed by the segmentation, and also to perhaps return multiple segmentations where they exist.

Song lyrics

In another of the sessions, Ken George covered some aspects of translating a song, including observing its metre and rhyme, and the different styles of rhyme in songs. After the talk, we divided into smaller groups and tried translating a song each.
One group got a song in French "Charles Trenet - La Mer" which I think was quite a difficult challenge for them. I don't have a copy here of what they came up with.
I was part of a group working on Moon River (Louis Armstrong).
With a bit of artistic licence and adaptation:

Original

Moon river, wider than a mile
I'm crossing you in style some day
Oh, dream maker, you heart breaker
Wherever you're goin', I'm goin' your way

Two drifters, off to see the world
There's such a lot of world to see
We're after the same rainbow's end, waitin' 'round the bend
My huckleberry friend, moon river, and me

Noting rhymes

mile, style

day, way

maker, breaker

world, world

see, me

end, bend, friend

Translation/Adaptation

Dowr Tamar, moy es mildir bras

Y treusyav dha dhowr glas neb jydh

Ty a wra hunros, mestres fell dell os

Pub le a wre'ta mos, ena my a vydh

Dew wandror mos a-dro dhe'n bys

Meur a'n norvys a welyn ni

Ni a helgh penn kammneves, ni a wort a-dro dhe'n kamm

Ha my a wra ri dhis amm

Dowr Tamar, ha my.

Translation memory in Cornish - effect of using all bigrams and trigrams

Here is the effect of using the two different options in kovtreylyansGUI.py whether to match all bigrams and trigrams between the input text and the corpus bilingual sentences, or only those that have at least one word that is not a stopword (the Python NLTK stopwords corpus (item 67 in NLTK data), which consists of a list of common words that are not likely to have much semantic content).

Input sentence is "There is a red sun on Proxima b"

Full output - the non-stopwords option


trigrams for input sentence are:
[('there', 'is', 'a'), ('is', 'a', 'red'), ('a', 'red', 'sun'), ('red', 'sun', 'on'), ('sun', 'on', 'proxima'), ('on', 'proxima', 'b'), ('proxima', 'b', '.')]

bigrams for input sentence are:
[('there', 'is'), ('is', 'a'), ('a', 'red'), ('red', 'sun'), ('sun', 'on'), ('on', 'proxima'), ('proxima', 'b'), ('b', '.')]

Listing N-grams with a minimum of 1 non-stopword each:
Common trigrams:

Common bigrams:
Eus pluvenn rudh genes, mar pleg?     --  Have you a red pen, please?        

(a red)

Ass yns teg, pennow an menydhyow y'n  --  How beautiful the tops of the      
howlsedhes, an howl rudh a-ughta.     --  mountains are in the sunset, the red
                                      --  sun above them.                    

(red sun)


Additional output using all option


Other N grams containing only stopwords:
Common trigrams:
Mes yma karr a-rag an chi.            --  But there is a car in front of the
                                      --  house.                            

(there is a)

Sur, yma lyver war an voes.           --  Certainly there is a book on the  
                                      --  table.                            

(there is a)

Yma avon vras ha hir yn Almayn.       --  There is a large, long river in   
                                      --  Germany.                          

(there is a)

Yma toll down yn kres an fordh.       --  There is a deep hole in the centre
                                      --  of the road.                      

(there is a)

Yma kador gesys y'n hel.              --  There is a chair left in the hall.

(there is a)

Yma fordh pur gul ryb an pras.        --  There is a very narrow road beside
                                      --  the field.                        

(there is a)

Usi! Hag yma lost hir ryb an hel      --  Yes! And there is a long queue    
ynwedh.                               --  beside the hall too.              

(there is a)

Yma unn chi a-dryv an sinema; chi Mr  --  There is a certain house behind the
Pollglas yw ev.                       --  cinema; it's Mr Pollglas's house. 

(there is a)

Kemmer an kowl ma, yma bollas ragos.  --  Take this soup, there is a bowlful
                                      --  for you.                          

(there is a)

Yma bownder verr ha kul ynter an      --  There is a short, narrow lane     
dhew bras vras.                       --  between the two big fields.       

(there is a)

Yma krys ow kregi war benn an gweli.  --  There is a shirt hanging on the end
                                      --  of the bed.                       

(there is a)

Yma ki owth hartha a-ves.             --  There is a dog barking outside.   

(there is a)

Yma nown dhe'n vebyon. An vamm a      --  The boys are hungry. Mother will  
vynn ri nebes boes dhedha. Mes eus    --  give them some food. But is there 
boes lowr y'n yeynell? Eus. Yma meur  --  enough food in the refrigerator?  
a vara hag amanenn gesys hwath        --  Yes! There is a lot of bread and  
ynwedh.                               --  butter still left as well.        

(there is a)

Yma tren skav dhe dhiw eur marnas     --  There is a fast train at          
teyr mynysenn warn ugens.             --  twenty-three minutes to two.      

(there is a)


Common bigrams:
Yma mebyl gesys ena y'n chi:          --  There is furniture left in the    
kador-vregh, kador, gweder ha         --  house: an arm-chair, chair, mirror
lestrier mes nyns eus moes ena.       --  and dresser but there isn't a table
                                      --  there.                            

(there is), (there is)

Hemm yw pluvenn.                  --  This is a pen.                      (is a)
Henn yw chi.                      --  That is a house.                    (is a)
An drehevyans na yw eglos.        --  That building is a church.          (is a)
Henn yw kenter.                   --  That is a nail.                     (is a)
An drehevyans a-rag an chi yw         --  The building in front of the house
karrji.                               --  is a garage.                      

(is a)

An dra na yw pluvenn.             --  That object is a pen.               (is a)
Honn yw Kernewes.                 --  That is a Cornish woman.            (is a)
Hemm yw aval hweg.                --  This is a sweet apple.              (is a)
An avon Tamer yw avon vras, down.     --  The River Tamar is a large, deep  
                                      --  river                             

(is a)

Hemm yw koes bras.                --  This is a big wood.                 (is a)
Hel an Dre yw drehevyans teg.         --  The town hall is a fine building. 

(is a)

An gour yw den da, dell dybav.        --  The husband is a good person, I   
                                      --  think.                            

(is a)

Gwydhelek yw yeth keltek          --  Irish is a Celtic language.         (is a)
Lyver berr yw lyver da, dell dybav.   --  A short book is a good book, I    
                                      --  think.                            

(is a)

An chi a-ji dhe'n koes yw chi         --  The house in the wood is a new    
nowydh.                               --  house.                            

(is a)

Gwreg an gour ma yw Kernewes dha.     --  This man's wife is a good         
                                      --  Cornishwoman.                     

(is a)

Kres an koes yw le kosel.             --  The middle of the wood is a quiet 
                                      --  place.                            

(is a)

Noy Mr Turner yw maw bras.            --  Mr Turner's nephew is a big boy.  

(is a)

Pow Frynk yw pow pur vras ha pur      --  France is a very big and beautiful
deg.                                  --  country.                          

(is a)

Onan yw brithel.                  --  One is a mackerel.                  (is a)
Hemm yw kerdh hir mes brav yw         --  This is a long walk but it's grand.

(is a)

Gour kloppek yw ev.               --  He is a lame man.                   (is a)
An Gresenn Gernewek yw le da ha dhe   --  The Cornish Centre is a good place
les yw hi rag tus Kernow.             --  and it is useful for the people of
                                      --  Cornwall.                         

(is a)

Yma dew dhen ha dew ugens y'n         --  There are forty-two people in the 
kuntelles. Hemm yw niver da rag       --  meeting. This is a good number for a
kuntelles a'n par ma.                 --  meeting of this kind.             

(is a)

Broder Androw yw pronter yn unn       --  Andrew's brother is a vicar in a  
eglos.                                --  certain church.                   

(is a)

Agan kesva yw onan dha.           --  Our association is a good one.      (is a)
Dyskador yw, dell glewav.         --  He is a teacher, I hear.            (is a)
Ammeth yw tra vras yn Kernow.         --  Agriculture is a big affair in    
                                      --  Cornwall.                         

(is a)

Pow pell yw Ejyp ha tir bras yw       --  Egypt is a distant country and it is
ynwedh.                               --  large also.                       

(is a)

Nag eus! Nyns eus karrji ena.         --  No! There isn't a garage there.   

(there is)

Eus, sur!                       --  There is, certainly!              (there is)
Nag eus!                        --  There isn't!                      (there is)
Yma nebonan a-ji dhe'n eglos na.      --  There is someone inside that church.

(there is)

Yma neppyth a-ragh an chi ma.         --  There is something in front of this
                                      --  house.                            

(there is)

Nyns eus kenter omma, dell hevel.     --  There is no nail here, it seems.  

(there is)

Eus! Yma an eglos ryb hel an dre      --  There is! The church is beside the
                                      --  town hall.                        

(there is)

Eus, dell hevel.                --  There is, it seems.               (there is)
Nag eus! Nyns eus tra omma.           --  There isn't. There's nothing here.

(there is)

Eus gwin gesys? Eus! Yma gwin y'n     --  Is there (any) wine left? There is!
gegin.                                --  There's wine in the kitchen.      

(there is)

Yma nebonan y'n gegin lemmyn.         --  There is someone in the kitchen now.

(there is)

Eus. Hi a wra glaw lemmyn.      --  There is. It's raining now.       (there is)
Piw yw Mr Lock ytho? Ottena! An gour  --  Who is Mr Lock then? Look! that man
ena yw Mr Lock, an gour hir na.       --  there is Mr. Lock, that tall man. 

(there is)

Nyns eus le gesys yn kres an dre      --  There isn't a place left in the town
lemmyn.                               --  centre now.                       

(there is)

Nyns eus nebonan gesys yn hel an      --  There is no-one left in the town  
dre.                                  --  hall.                             

(there is)

Nyns eus arghans lowr rag boes.       --  There is not enough money for food.

(there is)

Yma unn karr a-rag an chi.            --  There is one car in front of the  
                                      --  house.                            

(there is)

Yma unn garrek pur vras ena.          --  There is one very large rock there.

(there is)

Eus! Yma boes war blat y'n gegin      --  Yes! There is food on a plate in the
                                      --  kitchen.                          

(there is)

Nyns eus kyttrin dhe Druru kyns       --  There is no bus to Truro before four
peder eur.                            --  o'clock.                          

(there is)

Yma po korev po gwin gans an goen.    --  There is beer or wine with the    
                                      --  dinner.                           

(there is)

Yma spas lowr y'n le na lemmyn.       --  There is enough room in that place
                                      --  now.                              

(there is)

Y'n hel (yma onan).             --  In the hall (there is one).       (there is)
Eus! yma, dell hevel.           --  Yes! There is, it seems.          (there is)
An vamm re worras an kinyow war an    --  Mother has put the dinner on the  
voes lemmyn. Kynsa yma kowl onyon.    --  table now. First there is onion   
                                      --  soup.                             

(there is)

Eus nebes koffi gesys ragov? Nag      --  Is there a little coffee left for 
eus. Yma te hepken.                   --  me? No. There is tea only.        

(there is)

Re dhiwedhes os, ow howeth, ha nyns   --  You are too late, my friend, and  
eus hanafas a goffi ragos.            --  there is no cup of coffee for you.

(there is)

Nyns eus karr ow tos.           --  There is no car coming.           (there is)
Nyns eus nebonan ow kelwel.     --  There is no one calling.          (there is)
Eus!                            --  There is!                         (there is)
Nag eus!                        --  There is not!                     (there is)
Joy re skrifas dhodho mes nyns eus    --  Joy has written to him but there is
gorthyp hwath.                        --  no reply yet.                     

(there is)

Ottena an kok mes nyns eus den ynno.  --  There is the fishing boat but     
                                      --  there's no one in it.             

(there is)

Nyns eus karr vyth y'n fordh.         --  There is no car at all on the road.

(there is)

Nyns eus gesys kestenenn y'n koes,    --  There isn't a chestnut tree left in
dell dybav.                           --  the wood, I think.                

(there is)

Prag y tybydh yndella? Drefenn nag    --  Why do you think so? Because there
eus ken fordh dhe dybi.               --  is no other way to think.         

(there is)


It is clear there are a large number of matches to "there is a" and its substrings "there is" and "is a". For a long input text, the number of matches of this kind can become very large.

Notice that for the sentence
Yma mebyl gesys ena y'n chi: -- There is furniture left in the
kador-vregh, kador, gweder ha -- house: an arm-chair, chair, mirror
lestrier mes nyns eus moes ena. -- and dresser but there isn't a table
-- there.

(there is), (there is)
there is a match to the bigram "there is" twice, since "there isn't" in the English sentence was tokenized to "there is n't" since NLTK is aware that isn't is grammatically speaking, two words.

Translation memory for Cornish now with a GUI

I have developed the translation memory software a little further as part of my TaklowKernewek tools.

It now has a GUI:

Using only bigrams and trigrams from the corpus that contain at least one non stopword (based on NLTK stopwords corpus).

Showing all bigrams and trigrams outputs a long list of sentences containing ('is', 'the').

Sentences in the corpus that contain multiple trigrams in common with the input are ranked highest, and similarly with bigrams.

After improvement to the text wrapping of the output sentences to split longer lines:

Translation memory software for Cornish

One of the discussions I was having with Mark Trevethan by email recently was about the translation service of the Cornish Language Office, and the idea of 'translation memory', that is when text is to be translated, to store examples of previous work done. This has two main advantages, one being saving labour, and secondly improving consistency.

I had an idea to make a rudimentary version of this myself, using the Python Natural Language Toolkit. To make this work, I needed a bilingual corpus, which had the same sentences in both Cornish and English.

The electronic version of the Cornish language textbook Skeul an Yeth 1 by Wella Brown, has been made available online free by Kesva an Taves Kernewek (The Cornish Language Board).

This contains a list of example sentences at the end of every chapter, which provides the bilingual corpus for this work.

What the program does is to ask for an input sentence (currently only via the command-line) in English, and then find the 'bigrams' and 'trigrams' in it, and also do so for the sentences from Skeul an Yeth 1.

The program uses the NLTK 'stopwords' corpus, to filter the bigrams/trigrams for whether they are in a list of common words that may not have much in the way of lexical content. Sentences containing trigrams containing at least 1 non-stopword are listed first, followed by bigrams with at least 1 non-stopword, followed by trigrams and bigrams that consist solely of stopwords.

For a larger corpus the numbers of sentences found for common bigrams such as ('in', 'the') could become very large.


python kovtreylyans.py
Enter an English sentence
The cat is sleeping on the floor next to the fire.

trigrams for input sentence are:
[('the', 'cat', 'is'), ('cat', 'is', 'sleeping'), ('is', 'sleeping', 'on'), ('sleeping', 'on', 'the'), ('on', 'the', 'floor'), ('the', 'floor', 'next'), ('floor', 'next', 'to'), ('next', 'to', 'the'), ('to', 'the', 'fire'), ('the', 'fire', '.')]

bigrams for input sentence are:
[('the', 'cat'), ('cat', 'is'), ('is', 'sleeping'), ('sleeping', 'on'), ('on', 'the'), ('the', 'floor'), ('floor', 'next'), ('next', 'to'), ('to', 'the'), ('the', 'fire'), ('fire', '.')]

Listing N grams with a minimum of 1 non-stopword each:
Common trigrams:

Yma an gath a'y growedh war an leur yn-dann an gador y'n esedhva. -- The cat is lying on the floor under the chair in the sitting room. (the cat is), (on the floor)
Ottena! An maw moen na ryb an daras. -- There look! That thin boy next to the door. (next to the)
War an leur yn-dann dha weli yn dha jambour, dell vydh usys! -- On the floor under your bed in your bedroom, as usual! (on the floor)
Usi! Hag yma an gath ena ynwedh. -- Yes! And the cat is there also. (the cat is)
Nag esons! Yma an ki war an leur mes yma an gath y'n wydhenn. -- No! The dog is on the ground but the cat is in the tree. (the cat is)
Gorr glow war an tan. Oer yw hi. -- Put coal on the fire. It's cold. (the fire.)
Esedh orth an tan! Ty a vydh toemma ena. -- Sit at the fire. You will be warmer there. (the fire.)
Dewgh orth an tan! Oer yw hi! -- Come to the fire it's very cold! (to the fire)

Common bigrams:

An gath a gosk war an gweliow. -- The cat sleeps on the beds. (the cat), (on the)
Yma Jerri ow koska lemmyn. -- Jerry is sleeping now. (is sleeping)
Ple'ma an gath? -- Where is the cat? (the cat)
Usi an gath y'n lowarth? -- Is the cat in the garden? (the cat)
orth an tan -- at the fire (the fire)
A esedhons i orth an tan pub gorthugher? -- Do they sit at the fire every evening? (the fire)

Other N grams containing only stopwords:
Common trigrams:


Common bigrams:

Ni a dhybris li. Ena ni a gerdhas. Kerdh hir o dhe'n kerrek war an hal -- We ate lunch. Then we walked. It was a long walk to the rocks on the moor. (to the), (on the)
Eus jynn-skrifa war an desk? -- Is there a typewriter on the desk? (on the)
Ottena - yma an genter war an eurlenn. -- Look there - there's the nail on the carpet. (on the)
Yma pras war an woen hag yma chi ryb an pras na. -- There's a field on the down and there's a house by that field. (on the)
Sur, yma lyver war an voes. -- Certainly there is a book on the table. (on the)
Eus traow gesys war an lestrier? -- Are there things left on the dresser? (on the)
Yma bleujyow byw gesys war an fordh omma. -- There are live flowers left on the road here. (on the)
Yma padell blos war voes an gegin. -- There's a dirty pan on the kitchen table. (on the)
Ottena teyr delenn rudh war an leur. -- Look there are three red leaves on the ground. (on the)
Eus hwetek plat byghan war an lestrier? -- Are there sixteen small plates on the dresser? (on the)
Yw. Yma hi war an voes y'n gegin. -- Yes. It's on the kitchen table. (on the)
Eus amanenn war an bara? Eus! -- Is there butter on the bread? Yes! (on the)
Deves yw tanow war an voen. -- Sheep are scarce on the down. (on the)
war an amari -- on the cupboard (on the)
A nyns usi an boes war an voes hwath? -- Isn't the food on the table yet? (on the)
Esons i war an voes? -- Are they on the table? (on the)
War an voes (yma) martesen. -- On the table (it is) perhaps. (on the)
Nebes fordhow y'n ynys yw ledan lowr mes meur a fordhow ena yw re gul. -- Few roads on the island are wide enough but many roads there are too narrow. (on the)
War an voes ymons. -- They are on the table. (on the)
Skrifewgh hanow an lyver war gynsa linen an folenn! -- Write the name of the book on the first line of the page! (on the)
Esesta war an treth? -- Were you on the beach? (on the)
Esewgh hwi war an treth? -- Were you on the beach? (on the)
Y'n koes yth esa del gell war an leur. -- In the wood there were brown leaves on the ground. (on the)
An vamm re worras an kinyow war an voes lemmyn. Kynsa yma kowl onyon. -- Mother has put the dinner on the table now. First there is onion soup. (on the)
War an voes y hworrons i an boes. -- On the table they put the food. (on the)
Ena y hworrav ow hota war an gador. -- Then I put my coat on the chair. (on the)
Yma krys ow kregi war benn an gweli. -- There is a shirt hanging on the end of the bed. (on the)
Gorr an kellylli war an voes! -- Put the knives on the table! (on the)
Y'n seythves dydh an dra o dien. -- On the seventh day the matter was complete. (on the)
Ny yllydh jy esedha war an glesin. Re lyb yw ev. -- You can't sit on the lawn. It's too wet. (on the)
Ev a redyas y hanow y'n peswara koloven war an pympes folenn a'n paper-nowodhow. -- He read his name in the fourth column on the fifth page of the newspaper. (on the)
Pan splann an loergann war an arvor a-dreus an mor kosel, assyw hi teg! -- When the full moon shines on the shore across the calm sea, how beautiful it is! (on the)
Tasik! Tasik! Ottena! Ergh war an glesin! -- Daddy! Daddy! Look! Snow on the lawn! (on the)
War drysa estyllenn an argh-lyvrow y'n esedhva yma, dell dybav. -- On the third shelf of the bookcase in the lounge it is, I think. (on the)
Nyns eus karr vyth y'n fordh. -- There is no car at all on the road. (on the)
An gewer yw hager war an heyl. Ny yll den gweles a-dreus dhodho. -- The weather is ugly on the estuary. A person cannot see across it. (on the)
An rewler a worras an lytherow war an desk rybdho. -- The manager put the letters on the desk beside him. (on the)
Ottena! A-dro dhe hanterkans hos war an lynn yn kres an hal. -- Look there! About fifty ducks on the lake in the middle of the moor. (on the)
An peswara drehevyans diworto yw ev a'n keth tu. -- It's the fourth building from it on the same side. (on the)
Goel Sen Pyran a vydh pub blydhen dhe'n pympes a vis Meurth. -- St Piran's Day is on the fifth of March each year. (on the)
Henri a vynn esedha war an isella kador. -- Henry will sit on the lowest chair. (on the)
Ny yll ev esedha war an ughella huni. -- He cannot sit on the highest one. (on the)
Prag y tregh ev an skorrennow na? Drefenn ev dh'aga leski war an tansys. -- Why does he cut those branches? Because he burns them on the bonfire. (on the)
'Yma diwros war an fordh ena ha gour shyndys a'y wrowedh war an leur', an gwithyas kres a leveris. 'Res yw dhis gortos deg mynysenn, mar pleg. Ni a vynn y worra dhe'n klavji a-dhistowgh.' -- 'There's a bicycle on the road there and a man lying injured.' replied the policeman. 'You must wait ten minutes, please. We will take him to hospital immediately.' (on the)
Kerdh hir yw dhe'n eglos. -- It's a long walk to the church. (to the)
Py chambour yw an nessa dhe'n lowarth a-rag? -- Which bedroom is nearest to the front garden? (to the)
Ke dhe'n fenester, mar pleg! -- Go to the window, please! (to the)
Nyns yw an traow ma pur haval orth an re erell, yns i? -- These are not very similar to the others, are they? (to the)
Martyn eth dhe'n treth mes nyns eth dhe neuvya. -- Martin went to the beach but he didn't go to swim. (to the)
Y'n eur na yth eth ev dhe skol an eglos. -- He then went to the church school. (to the)
My a wra lenna hwedhel dhe'n fleghes pub gorthugher. -- I read to the children every evening. (to the)
An dowr a yn nans dhe'n mor. -- The water goes down to the sea. (to the)
Ni oll warbarth eth yn-nans dhe'n treth rag neuvya. -- We all went down to the beach together in order to swim. (to the)
An keur a ganas dhe'n fleghes. -- The choir sang to the children. (to the)
A vynnowgh hwi mones genen dhe'n dons? -- Will you go with us to the dance? (to the)
Dowr an fenten a dhe'n gover. -- The spring water goes to the brook. (to the)
Karol a lanhas an lestri kyns aga daskorr dhe'n lestrier. -- Carol cleaned the dishes before returning them to the dresser. (to the)
An tiek a dhros y vughes dhe'n skiber. -- The farmer brought his cows to the barn. (to the)
An brassa stevell yw an nessa stevell dhe'n wolghva. -- The biggest room is the nearest room to the bathroom. (to the)
An skoloryon, mebyon ha mowesi, a dhe'n keth skol y'n dre. -- The schoolchildren, boys and girls, go to the same school in town. (to the)
An awel o krev. Ny allas an gorholyon dos ogas dhe'n porth. -- The wind was strong. The ships couldn't come near to the harbour. (to the)